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专家解读2014AHA/ACC/HRS心房颤动患者管理指南

2014-06-26 高 鹏 《门诊》杂志

2014年3月,美国心脏协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心律学会(HRS)联合美国胸外科学会(STS)共同发布了《2014年心房颤动患者管理指南》。该指南基于2006年版AHA/ACC房颤管理指南,融入2011年发表的两次更新,并参考最新的临床研究证据、新的治疗策略和药物等而制定。其制定的宗旨正如指南前言中指出的:“指南旨在制定满足大多数情况下大多数患者需要的治疗方案,而最终决策

2014年3月,美国心脏协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学会(ACC)、美国心律学会(HRS)联合美国胸外科学会(STS)共同发布了《2014年心房颤动患者管理指南》。该指南基于2006年版AHA/ACC房颤管理指南,融入2011年发表的两次更新,并参考最新的临床研究证据、新的治疗策略和药物等而制定。其制定的宗旨正如指南前言中指出的:“指南旨在制定满足大多数情况下大多数患者需要的治疗方案,而最终决策权须由医师和患者来掌握,而且必须充分考虑到患者的临床情况。”

新指南主要从房颤病理生理机制、临床评估、血栓栓塞预防、心率控制和复律、特定房颤患者治疗以及未来研究方向等方面进行了系统的阐述。与老版指南相比,最大的更新与变化在抗栓治疗及导管消融两个方面。

一、抗栓治疗

在抗栓治疗预防非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中及外周栓塞方面,新指南有重大改变。

首先,摒弃了传统的CHADS2血栓栓塞风险评估系统,而采用了《2012年ESC房颤管理指南》推荐的CHA2DS2-VASc评分。危险因子包括充血性心力衰竭、高血压糖尿病、血管病变(心肌梗死、周围血管病和动脉斑块)、年龄65~74岁和女性分别为1分,年龄≥75岁、既往卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作/血栓栓塞分别为2分。与CHADS2评分相比,CHA2DS2-VASc评分分数范围更广(0~9分),包含了更多的危险因素(女性、年龄65~74岁和血管病变),尤其在低危人群中有助于更好地评估风险。CHADS2评分最主要的缺陷在于针对1分者即所谓“中等风险”人群,粗略的评分不能区分真正低风险人群,从而无法精确推荐抗凝治疗。

丹麦注册研究表明CHA2DS2-VASc评分系统能更好预测CHADS2 0~1分的房颤患者风险,有更好的预测准确性。瑞典房颤患者研究也证实,新增预测因子如女性有中等血栓栓塞风险。新指南的主要制定者Dr.January表示,在房颤抗凝管理不断进步的过程中仍有一些问题尚未解决,例如CHA2DS2-VASc评分为0分的患者,尚没有充分的证据提示临床医师是否完全不需要抗凝治疗;对于CHA2DS2-VASc评分为1分的低危患者,是否可以用阿司匹林治疗及是否需要充分的抗凝治疗,这些问题有待进一步对评分系统完善及更多临床研究来解决。因此,在新指南中对CHA2DS2-VASc为1分者其推荐抗栓的强度略低于欧洲指南,未明确推荐口服抗凝药物而是允许不抗凝或口服阿司匹林,但推荐强度及证据级别为Ⅱb(C)。

此外,新指南指出,HAS-BLED、REiTE和HEMORR2HAGES等出血评分或有助于定义出血风险,虽然HAS-BLED评分略优于其他方法,但总体上预测价值均不是很高而且临床应用比较困难,若作为特别推荐,其相关证据还不足。

其次,阿司匹林在预防非瓣膜性房颤患者发生卒中的地位明显下降。指南明确提出,除了SPAF-1试验外无其他循证医学证据支持阿司匹林的有效性,而以前荟萃分析的阳性结果完全是由SPAF-1这单一的RCT试验结果驱动。在一级预防中,阿司匹林仅减少19%(95%CI:-1%~35%)的卒中相对风险及0.8%每年的绝对风险,而95%可信区间跨越0点提示存在无效的可能性。其他的许多RCT试验显示,房颤患者应用阿司匹林没有显著获益,且有出血风险,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷的双联抗血小板治疗也由ACTIVE-W试验证实劣于华法林。因此新指南中阿司匹林地位明显下降,仅在CHA2DS2-VASc为1分的低危人群中为Ⅱb(C)适应证。

再次,新型口服抗凝药(NOAC)成为抗栓治疗新选择。旧指南中推荐的抗凝剂只有华法林。在过去几年中,治疗非瓣膜性房颤的新型口服抗凝药已进入市场,包括口服直接凝血酶抑制剂(Ⅱa)和Ⅹa因子抑制剂两大类,前者有达比加群,后者包括利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班等。目前达比加群、利伐沙班和阿哌沙班三个药物完成3期临床试验,获得良好的循证医学证据,被多个国家及地区批准临床应用,因此新版指南将新型抗凝药也列入了推荐范围内。

依度沙班的3期临床试验ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48试验结果与其他NOAC相似,但尚未获得美国FDA批准,未被纳入到新指南。NOAC有较为可靠的循证依据证明其抗凝效果至少与华法林相当,而出血并发症不增加甚至减少,此外还有药效稳定、无需监测的优点。因此,新指南推荐既往卒中、TIA或CHA2DS2-VASc评分≥2分的非瓣膜性房颤患者均可应用新型口服抗凝药。

指南强调,成本是新型口服抗凝药广泛使用的障碍,然而这并未把华法林抗凝监测成本纳入比较。如果患者使用华法林抗凝效果满意而稳定,则不推荐把华法林更换为NOAC,但应充分尊重患者本人的意愿。新型NOAC的试验设计、临床终点及结果较为相似,但目前因缺乏头对头的比较研究很难说孰优孰劣。新型口服抗凝药物仍然存在一定的限制,如在慢性肾功能不全患者中的应用,特别是终末期肾病患者禁用NOAC。此外,NOAC缺乏简便可靠的检测方法和出血后的拮抗剂。在特定人群如孕妇、哺乳期、儿童及机械瓣膜患者等的应用也缺乏临床经验及证据而受到限制。虽然指南对服用NOAC但需要暂时停止抗凝的桥接治疗或各种操作的围术期抗凝做了简单说明,但这些方法尚无大规模应用的临床经验。

最后,指南中提到了经皮左心耳封堵装置及其有限的试验证据,但未给予正式推荐。由于手术技术不一致,左心耳封堵成功率存在高度差异,以及左心耳封堵装置对未来血栓事件的未知影响等因素,目前对于在心脏手术同时行左心耳封堵治疗未达成明确共识。对于外科手术切除或封闭左心耳的方法由于远期效果不佳也不予推荐。

二、导管消融的在房颤治疗中作用更加突出

新指南另一重大变化是,导管消融包括射频和冷冻球囊消融在房颤治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用,特别是在症状性房颤患者至少尝试1种抗心律失常药物失败后,导管消融可作为主要治疗方法。在症状反复发作的阵发性房颤患者中,临床医师在权衡药物和导管消融治疗利弊后,在抗心律失常药治疗前进行导管消融也是一个合理的初始心律控制策略。

指南指出,在维持窦性节律方面导管射频消融术优于当前的抗心律失常药物;有证据支持在经验丰富的中心为年轻、无结构性心脏病的阵发性房颤患者中效果最好。然而,导管消融对于房颤预后的影响尚缺乏大规模的RCT试验数据,期待如CABANA研究等试验结果来阐明。然而,指南也强调了导管消融治疗房颤中的一些问题,如导管消融的相关并发症,远期复发、围术期抗凝选择及治疗心衰等特定人群等,以提醒临床医师在治疗策略选择时应权衡利弊。

三、心率控制策略的推荐有所变化

指南在心率控制方面没有提出令人感到意外的建议。

1. 对于房颤心率控制的药物主要推荐非二氢吡啶类钙拮抗剂和β受体阻滞剂,而对于传统药物地高辛的应用比较谨慎。指南重申了地高辛的药理作用,并且提到了最近的荟萃分析结果,地高辛可能有害,因此在使用时需要注意治疗窗。

2. 尽管RACE-Ⅱ试验证实放宽心率控制范围是合理的,且已为ESC房颤管理指南所采纳,然而新指南对RACE-Ⅱ试验的局限性提出质疑,该试验纳入的主要为有症状的左心室功能保留的患者,且两个试验组实际心率控制的差别仅为10次/分,指南担心其结果可能不适用于更大范围的房颤患者。因此,新指南仍然推荐房颤心室率控制的目标为静息心率不高于80次/分(Ⅱa)而非110次/分(Ⅱb)。

3. 房室结消融和起搏为Ⅱa类推荐:指南指出消融房室结的方法获益和风险同在,敦促我们权衡房室结消融且有中重度收缩功能不全的患者采用心脏再同步化治疗的获益。

四、抗心律失常药物的节律控制治疗无新意

抗心律失常药物发展滞后,近几年无显著的突破,在药物或电转复房颤、药物维持窦律方面指南也基本变化不大。指南除了介绍几种常用药物的有效性及临床应用,着重强调了抗心律失常药物的副作用,明确在相应心衰、心肌肥厚或缺血性心肌病等方面的应用禁忌。尤其在肯定胺碘酮维持窦律方面的优势的同时,指出其副作用尤其是心脏外副作用和停药率是最高的。决奈达隆的表现令人失望,指南指出其在严重左心功能受损或失代偿心衰患者中因增加死亡率而禁用。新指南肯定了ACEI/ARB在伴有心衰的房颤患者中的所谓“上游治疗”作用,但ACEI/ARB对伴高血压的房颤或他汀对冠脉手术后房颤的预防仅为Ⅱb类推荐。

五、指南较为对一些房颤类型的定义给予明确

非瓣膜性房颤定义指无风湿性二尖瓣狭窄、机械/生物瓣膜或二尖瓣修复状况下出现的房颤,这在一定程度上改变了非瓣膜性房颤的定义。非瓣膜性房颤的概念一直比较模糊,新指南排除严重瓣膜返流等情况,与我们传统概念有所不同。房颤类型在传统的“3P”分类上,摒弃了孤立性房颤这一概念模糊的类型,增加了新的亚型:长程(long-lasting)持续性房颤,特指持续12个月以上的持续性房颤。

心房扑动也被特别强调,再次明确典型房扑(下腔静脉-三尖瓣环峡部依赖的房扑,顺钟向或逆钟向)及非典型房扑的定义,特别在左房导管消融领域的进展也加深了我们对非典型房扑的认识。房颤指南强调了房扑/房颤的诊断,尤其是那些“粗颤”,因为这种房颤易误诊为房扑。鉴别典型和非典型房扑对是否行消融术意义重大,因为前者更容易消融。在抗栓治疗方面指南指出房扑应按照房颤评估及处理。

六、对特定房颤人群的个体化推荐

对需行支架植入术的房颤患者过去指南推荐了“三联”防血栓治疗,最新的WOEST试验比较了华法林、氯吡格雷加或不加阿司匹林的双联与三联治疗,结果显示华法林加氯吡格雷的双联治疗出血风险更低且血栓栓塞风险并不增加。指南对这种抗凝方案也是较为推崇的,但更建议PCI术中考虑选择金属裸支架治疗。

肥厚型心肌病的患者房颤年发生率为2%,且发生血栓栓塞的OR值为17.7,因此指南推荐肥厚型心肌病患者无论CHA2DS2-VASc评分如何均需抗凝。由于肥厚型心肌病患者的房颤有2/3为阵发性,因此指南提出该人群的导管消融(包括二次手术)的成功率及复发率与其他人群相似,然而这样的结论似乎受到较为广泛的质疑。

指南提出使用普罗帕酮或氟卡尼作为“随身携带药物”(Pill in the pocket)的方法转复阵发性房颤,但要求曾在监护下证实其有效性及安全性,特别对于运动员的特殊人群较为推荐。

七、结 语  

总而言之,2014版ACC/AHA/HRS心房颤动患者管理指南的制定,融入以往的北美和欧洲指南与更新,更纳入最新的循证医学证据,对临床医师的规范化治疗有重大指导意义。整篇指南体现了一种新的医患关系,即充分尊重患者意愿,共同参与决策,新指南更加体现了Dr. Krumholz(耶鲁大学)的名言:“最高质量的治疗是患者选择最适合他们价值观、偏好和目标的方案,而我们需要确保其决定并非出于无知或恐惧”。这值得处于紧张医患关系危机中的中国医师深入思考。


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    2014-06-29 lidage

    感谢发布新指南精神

    0

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    2014-06-28 zhaohui6731
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    2014-06-28 ysjykql
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    2014-06-28 sodoo

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