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CSMO 2014:支修益教授谈亚肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌

2014-07-07 首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心 支修益 医学论坛网

肺癌是严重威胁人们生命健康的疾病,死亡率居恶性肿瘤的首位。目前早期肺癌的标准手术方式为肺叶切除加区域淋巴结清扫,随着多排螺旋CT的广泛应用,临床上越来越多直径小于2厘米的周围型肺癌被诊断。目前的证据显示对于不能接受肺叶切除的心肺功能不佳的老年肺癌患者,亚肺叶切除术包括解剖性肺段切除和肺楔形切除获得了类似于肺叶切除的治疗效果。因此对于能够耐受肺叶切除术的直径小于2厘米的周围型肺癌患者,亚肺叶切除术是

肺癌是严重威胁人们生命健康的疾病,死亡率居恶性肿瘤的首位。目前早期肺癌的标准手术方式为肺叶切除加区域淋巴结清扫,随着多排螺旋CT的广泛应用,临床上越来越多直径小于2厘米的周围型肺癌被诊断。目前的证据显示对于不能接受肺叶切除的心肺功能不佳的老年肺癌患者,亚肺叶切除术包括解剖性肺段切除和肺楔形切除获得了类似于肺叶切除的治疗效果。因此对于能够耐受肺叶切除术的直径小于2厘米的周围型肺癌患者,亚肺叶切除术是否是合适的治疗选择一直是当今胸外科领域研究的热点问题。

亚肺叶切除术包括解剖性肺段切除和楔形切除,以往的临床研究认为亚肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌会增加局部复发率。近年的研究发现,经过严格选择的部分早期肺癌患者应用亚肺叶切除术同样安全有效。

一、亚肺叶切除治疗肺癌历史回顾

Churchill ED于1939年报道首例肺段切除术治疗支气管扩张症,1973年Jensik RL等报道肺段切除手术治疗早期肺癌的15年经验,术后远期生存率与肺叶切除术相近,肿瘤直径小于2cm者行肺段切除术预后更佳。1995年,美国肺癌研究组(Lung Cancer Study Group,LCSG)报道了比较肺叶切除与亚肺叶切除治疗T1N0M0非小细胞肺癌的前瞻性临床多中心随机对照研究结果,发现术后远期生存率亚肺叶切除术与肺叶切除术相近,但其局部复发率高于肺叶切除术,认为亚肺叶切除是仅适用于肺功能不全患者的妥协性术式,LCSG研究入组条件和研究方法可能影响了其研究结果的可靠性。近年来,来自日本的多项回顾性临床研究报道显示,亚肺叶切除术用于直径≤2cm的早期非小细胞肺癌取得了与肺叶切除相同的治疗结果。

二、胸腔镜肺段切除术


1993年Kirby首次报道胸腔镜(VATS)肺叶切除术,目前已在国内外被广泛用于早期非小细胞肺癌以及肺部良性结节的治疗,其安全、微创等特点已得到验证。Raviaro等于1993年首次报道胸腔镜肺段切除术。国外有研究发现:对于ⅠA期非小细胞肺癌,完全胸腔镜下解剖性肺段切除术与肺叶切除术相比,淋巴结切除组数、个数相似,局部复发率、生存率相似,肺段切除与肺楔形切除相比,肺段切除术能保证足够的切缘以及段间、叶间淋巴结的清扫,淋巴结切除个数、局部复发率、5年生存率均优于肺楔形切除术。美国匹兹堡实验研究中心研究表明示:术后病理为ⅠA期行肺叶切除术和肺段切除术的两组患者在术后复发率及5年生存率方面没有明显差异。2004年Keenan及其同事研究术前低肺功能患者,术后1年肺叶切除组患者的FVC、FEV1、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)明显降低,而肺段切除组的患者只是DLCO有所降低,其在切除病灶的同时最大程度上保存了患者正常的肺组织,减少了肺功能的损失,有助于患者的术后恢复。同全腔镜肺叶切除术类似,肺段切除术并发症包括出血、持续漏气、咯血、肺膨胀不全、术后心律失常等。然而,以上的研究大多是回顾性分析而非前瞻性随进对照研究,或对比多为手术近期结果,无远期生存随访。

确定亚肺叶切除术的适应症对于手术成功至关重要。目前临床上亚肺叶切除主要应用于IA期、心肺功能差或有不适合肺叶切除术的早期肺癌患者 ,或特殊组织学类型(AIS和MIA)的NSCLC患者。

目前,亚肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌的主要证据均来源于回顾性研究,还缺乏大样本的前瞻性多中心随机对照临床研究结果,因此,学术界对亚肺叶切除手术能否成为早期肺癌的标准术式还存在争议。目前三个大样本的临床多中心前瞻性随机临床试验项目(美国外科医生协会肿瘤协作组[ACOSOG]Z4032;癌症与白血病B组[CALGB]140503以及日本临床肿瘤学组[JCOG] 0804研究正在对亚肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌的疗效进行评价。首都医科大学肺癌诊疗中心和宣武医院胸外科承担的北京市科委重大攻关课题【早期肺癌切除范围临床研究】计划入组630例T≤2cmN0M0非小细胞肺癌,按2:1比例分配至肺叶切除和亚肺叶切除组,比较两组局部复发率、远期生存率和肺功能的差别。这些大样本临床多中心研究有望解答亚肺叶切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌的争议。

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