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Cancer Cell:细胞外囊泡是肿瘤转移中的通讯介质

2017-01-03 不详 外泌体之家

12月12日,来自美国威尔康奈尔医学院的研究人员在Cancer Cell上发表了一篇题为“Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis”的Perspective文章,介绍了肿瘤细胞外囊泡及其转移过程中的作用。肿瘤分泌的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是介导在局部和远处

12月12日,来自美国威尔康奈尔医学院的研究人员在Cancer Cell上发表了一篇题为“Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis”的Perspective文章,介绍了肿瘤细胞外囊泡及其转移过程中的作用。肿瘤分泌的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)是介导在局部和远处微环境中肿瘤细胞和基质细胞之间的细胞间通讯的关键介质。 


因此,细胞外囊泡在原发性肿瘤的生长和转移进展中起到了非常重要的作用。细胞外囊泡参与多系统的病理生理过程,如凝血、血管渗漏和基质受体细胞的重编程,以保证转移前微环境的形成和随后的肿瘤细胞转移过程的进行。在临床上,细胞外囊泡也可以是肿瘤进展的生物标志物和新的治疗靶标,特别是可以用于预测和预防后续的肿瘤转移。


肿瘤细胞外囊泡在原发性肿瘤微环境的作用

肿瘤EVs会使成纤维细胞分化成肌成纤维细胞,其释放MMP并导致细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的重塑。 ECM的分解会导致ECM中的生长因子的释放并促进实质细胞的侵袭能力。肿瘤EVs激活肿瘤相关巨噬细胞并分泌G-CSF、VEGF、IL-6和TNF-α,它们一起促进血管生成并产生炎性细胞。肿瘤EVs影响免疫系统稳态,主要是通过免疫抑制的变化来保护肿瘤。肿瘤EVs激活和增加Tregs和MDSCs,抑制CD8+ T细胞介导的靶向肿瘤的免疫作用。

此外,肿瘤EVs在其膜上表达FasL和TRAIL,并直接诱导CD8+ T细胞的凋亡。肿瘤EVs增加嗜中性粒细胞并且与肿瘤进展的增加相关。在肿瘤免疫中起重要作用的NK细胞可以被肿瘤EVs激活或抑制,这取决于研究的肿瘤模型和EVs的内容物。DCs可以被肿瘤EVs递送的肿瘤来源的抗原激活,并且参与CD8+介导的抗肿瘤反应。随着肿瘤的生长,其进展代谢需求会超过其血液供应,从而变得越来越缺氧。为了适应低氧,肿瘤会分泌能够促进血管募集的血管生成因子和EVs。源自原发性肿瘤的EVs可以刺激上皮细胞释放与EMT相关的因子,会使肿瘤细胞粘附(纤连蛋白和波形蛋白)、ECM重塑和血管生成(MMPs)的丧失,促进肿瘤细胞释放到体循环中并将它们传播到远端。

肿瘤细胞外囊泡促进转移前龛的形成及转移过程


EVs在转移的远端位点转移前龛(Pre-metastatic Niche,PMN)形成中的多个步骤发挥独特的作用。根据来源的癌细胞不同,EV可以通过血液和淋巴管循环,以到达它们的PMN起始位置。通过某些未知的机制,肿瘤EVs可以诱导血管渗漏以及与远端器官的驻留细胞相互作用。根据其膜蛋白组成不同,例如特异性外泌体整合素(外泌体整合素avb5与肝转移、外泌体整合素α6b4和α6b1与肺转移),EVs会靶向特定器官内的特定常驻细胞类型。在它们被受体细胞摄取时,EVs可以诱导几种炎症因子(例如S100家族蛋白、TGF-b、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α)的表达,导致基质细胞的激活和重塑,以及BMDCs在PMN的募集,这对肿瘤进展至关重要。

胰腺癌中,含有MIF的外泌体会被Kupffer细胞摄取,促进TGF-β分泌。 TGF-β,进而诱导肝星状细胞分泌纤维连接蛋白。纤连蛋白的增加最终导致BMDC的募集,其对于PMN的建立是至关重要的。在黑色素瘤中,外泌体可以通过上调Met来转化BMDC,并在肺中建立PMN。黑色素瘤来源的外泌体还可以通过促进黑素瘤细胞的募集、细胞外基质的沉积和淋巴结中的血管增生来促进淋巴结PMN的形成。

原始出处:

Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2016 Dec 12;30(6):836-848.

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    2017-08-12 维他命
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