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胸部影像诊断图例丨气管支气管发育异常~

2021-11-30 花人青 熊猫放射

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气管支气管和其他异常支气管

Tracheal Bronchus and Other Anomalous Bronchi

支气管数量、长度、直径和位置的不同先天性变异

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(左)轴位NECT MinIP图像显示从气管右侧壁发出的异常气管支气管(tracheal bronchus)(弯箭)。在这种情况下,注意支气管远端相邻小气泡的存在(直箭)。气管支气管几乎只出现在右侧。

(右)虚拟支气管镜显示位于隆突(直箭)附近的气管支气管开口(弯箭)。虚拟支气管镜有助于评估中心支气管的异常。

 

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(左)轴位和冠状NECT图像显示一个移位的从气管右侧壁发出的右肺尖段气管支气管(直箭)。右肺上叶支气管(弯箭)缺少一个尖段分支。

(右)冠状CECT图像显示一个额外的气管支气管起源于气管右侧壁,于奇静脉弓下方向右肺尖走行,另可见正常的右肺上叶尖段支气管。

 

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(左)冠状CECT显示从右支气管主干发出的移位的右肺上叶尖段支气管。右肺上叶支气管缺少右肺尖段分支。这是最常见的异常支气管之一。

(右)轴位NECT显示一副心支气管(Accessory cardiac bronchus)(弯箭),起源于中间支气管内侧壁。副心支气管可能与吸入性肺炎或咯血有关。

 

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(左)轴位CECT图像显示一副心支气管,从中间支气管的内侧壁发出(箭),并向下走行至一个未发育的肺小叶(空箭)。

(右)同一患者的冠状CECT显示,副心支气管从中间支气管的内侧壁发出,其远端可见未发育的肺小叶。

 

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(左)冠状CECT图像显示异常的多余的左肺上叶尖后段,起自正常左肺上叶支气管的近端(弯箭),尖端向肺顶。

(右)3D VR显示桥支气管(bridging bronchus)。右主支气管(空箭)供应右肺上叶,中间支气管(箭)起源于左主支气管的远端。

 

气管旁含气囊腔

Paratracheal Air Cyst

气管壁粘膜疝

同义词:气管憩室,气管膨出

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(左)图示右侧气管旁含气囊腔(弯箭),与气管之间见一窄通道。最常见于胸部入口处气管右侧,但也可发生在气管走行的任何地方。

(右)48岁女性,轴位NECT显示右后外侧气管壁旁见一12mm的含气囊腔,与气管之间的连接通常不可见。多为偶然发现,不需要随访或治疗。

 

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(左)28岁男性,冠状CECT显示气管右后壁旁一15mm的含气囊腔。由于典型的位置和缺乏其他气体聚集,可避免误诊为纵隔气肿。

(右)48岁男性慢性咳嗽,轴位HRCT显示隆突下方左主支气管壁外侧有一个5mm的小含气囊腔。

 

支气管闭锁

Bronchial Atresia

 

亚段、段或叶支气管先天性局限性闭锁

 

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(左)一例无症状支气管闭锁患者的PA胸片显示左肺上部膨胀、透光度增高,周围见管状分支阴影(箭),提示为粘液囊肿。

(右)同一患者的通气(上)和灌注(下)闪烁扫描的合成图像显示相应左肺上叶的通气和灌注缺乏。延迟成像可显示受影响的肺通气延迟。

 

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(左)一例支气管闭锁患者的PA胸片显示右肺下叶分支样阴影,与支气管粘液嵌塞一致。

(右)同一患者的轴位CECT 肺窗和软组织窗显示右肺下叶分支样粘液囊肿呈低密度,周围部分肺实质透光度增强。排除中央阻塞性肿瘤后,影像学表现可诊断为支气管闭锁。

 

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(左)支气管闭锁患者的轴位CECT MinIP图像显示舌段支气管分支粘液囊肿(直箭),周围肺透光度高(空箭),受累支气管的近端(弯箭)可见明确显示。

(右)一例持续发热患者的轴位CECT图像显示右肺下叶支气管分支密度增高,伴有气液平面和周围肺透光度增高。结果为支气管闭锁并粘液囊肿感染

 

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(左)轴位CECT显示广泛的右肺下叶透光度增高和分支性粘液囊肿。患者被前瞻性诊断为支气管闭锁。

(右)同一患者,后来由于咳嗽和发烧行CECT显示受影响的右肺下叶出现新发的不规则实变,提示肺炎。抗生素治疗无效的患者可能需要手术切除受影响的肺。

 

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(左)左肺下叶节段性支气管闭锁,患者无症状,轴位NECT(肺窗)显示左肺下叶分支样高密度影,局部致密,周围肺组织透光度增高。

(右)同一患者CT软组织窗显示粘液囊肿的分支形态,粘液囊肿表现为内部钙质分层沉积(空箭)。虽然这是BA的非典型表现,但其他形态学特征仍具有诊断价值。

 

巨气管支气管症

Tracheobronchomegaly

 

同义词:Mounier-Kuhn综合征

气管和中心支气管扩张,清除粘液的能力受损。

 

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(左)巨气管支气管症患者的冠状CECT显示气管和主支气管明显扩张。大气道有波纹状外观。可见右肺下叶肺炎和间隔旁型肺气肿。

(右)同一患者的轴位CECT显示扩张的主支气管和支气管憩室。气道的波纹状外观是由软骨环之间多余的粘膜交叉造成的。

 

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(左)巨气管支气管症患者的矢状CT显示气管明显扩张且管壁呈波纹状。

(右)同一患者的矢状NECT显示小叶中心型肺气肿(空箭)、支气管扩张(箭)、节段性空气潴留和下叶实变(弯箭)。巨气管支气管症患者容易因分泌物清除不良而反复感染,这可能导致支气管扩张、空气潴留和肺纤维化。

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