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AIM:健康个体全基因组测序 竟发现罕见病遗传风险

2017-06-28 佚名 新浪医药

全基因组测序涉及对个体DNA中30亿个碱基的分析,是一项先进的生物技术,这项技术将迎来预测和预防疾病的新纪元。然而,对健康人群使用基因组测序是有争议的,因为没有人完全确定具有稀有遗传病风险的变异以及患者和他们的医生将如何应对这些风险。

全基因组测序涉及对个体DNA中30亿个碱基的分析,是一项先进的生物技术,这项技术将迎来预测和预防疾病的新纪元。然而,对健康人群使用基因组测序是有争议的,因为没有人完全确定具有稀有遗传病风险的变异以及患者和他们的医生将如何应对这些风险。

在哈佛医学院研究员6月26日发表的一篇新文章中,报告了NIH资助的MedSeq项目的研究结果,MedSeq项目是一个包含医生和患者的随机临床试验,旨在开发可靠的程序来传达测序结果。

在MedSeq项目中,100名健康个体及其初级保健医师参与并随机分组,一半接受全基因组测序,一半未接受全部基因测序。专家分析了每个测序患者近5000个与稀有遗传病症相关的基因,包括临床遗传学,分子遗传学,初级保健,伦理学和法律在内的许多不同学科的研究者共同参与了结果分析。

研究人员发现,在随机接受基因组测序的50名健康初级保健患者中,有11名(22%)携带预计会导致以前未确诊的罕见疾病的遗传变异。其中两名患者被认为具有潜在的体征或症状,包括一名携带可能引起眼底疾病突变(称为眼底白斑病)的患者。这个病人知道他在弱光条件下看事物很困难,但没有考虑到他的视力问题有遗传因素的可能性。

另一名患者被发现的遗传变异与斑驳卟啉症相关联,研究结果解释了患者和家人的神秘皮疹和阳光敏感性。其他九名参与者不具有遗传疾病风险。例如,两名患者有与心律异常相关的变异,但是心脏病的检查正常。可能,但不能肯定,他们将来会出现心脏问题。

项目首席执行官Jason Vassy说:“对健康个体进行全基因组测序获得了新发现,即只有某些基因变异会对健康造成实际影响。 这项研究提供了一些令人信服的证据,我们可以培训初级保健提供者适当地管理患者的测序结果。”

初级保健医生在研究开始时接受了六个小时的培训,了解如何向接受测序的个体解释一页专门设计的基因组测试报告。与遗传专家进行咨询是可行的,但不是必需的。初级保健医生可以根据自己的判断来了解测序个体的情况。

分子医学实验室主任Heidi Rehm博士和指导基因组分析的研究人员Heidi Rehm博士指出:“我们惊奇地看到表观健康的个体也携带着罕见遗传疾病的变异风险。我们发现大约有五分之一的样本人群携带致病变异,这表明我们普通人群患罕见疾病的风险可能远高于以前所怀疑的。”

然而,携带其中一种变异的个体最终是否会发展成为疾病,这一点并不完全清楚。

此外,研究人员比较了两组参与者,发现接受基因组测序的患者并没有表现出较高的焦虑程度。 相反,他们做了更多的医疗检查,并在接受其测序结果后的六个月内平均增加了350多美元的医疗保健费用。本研究中小样本量的经济差异无统计学意义。

MedSeq项目调查人员指出,由于样本量较小,因此研究结果应谨慎解释,因为该研究是在一个学术医疗中心进行的,那些患者和初级保健医师都不能代表一般人群。他们还强调,携带遗传风险标记并不意味着病人有或一定会发展该疾病。在健康人群中发现这些风险标志是否真的会提供健康益处,或将会产生不必要的检测和后续程序以造成更多的危害,都是很关键的待查证的问题。

哈佛医学院的医学教授兼资深作者Robert C. Green博士强调:“全基因组测序和其他医学技术在日常医学实践中的融合具有非常令人兴奋的前景,同时具有预测和预防疾病的潜力。但是,我们需要设计更多的实验以更好的分析结果,如MedSeq项目,需要扩大样本量,并在更长的时间内收集结果,以显示基因组医学的全部潜力。”

原始出处:
Jason L. Vassy et al, The Impact of Whole-Genome Sequencing on the Primary Care and Outcomes of Healthy Adult Patients, Annals of Internal Medicine (2017). DOI: 10.7326/M17-0188

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    2017-06-30 syscxl
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