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Am J Gastroenterol:肠镜查瘤--中等程度的肠道准备够不够?

2014-12-08 kingz1025 丁香园

根据当前指南推荐,当第一次肠镜检查发现肠道准备不足时(定义为肠镜时不能发现大于5mm的息肉),应尽早做第二次肠镜复查。然而此处肠道准备质量的评价却没有依据相关的评分或分级。大多数临床医生目前倾向于对这类患者采用较短的肠镜筛查间期,但这无形中会增加医疗负担,因为可能有一部分患者本来并不需要如此频繁的肠镜检查。 针对这一问题,来自美国耶鲁大学医学院的Clark教授等在AJG杂志发表了一篇系统评价

根据当前指南推荐,当第一次肠镜检查发现肠道准备不足时(定义为肠镜时不能发现大于5mm的息肉),应尽早做第二次肠镜复查。然而此处肠道准备质量的评价却没有依据相关的评分或分级。大多数临床医生目前倾向于对这类患者采用较短的肠镜筛查间期,但这无形中会增加医疗负担,因为可能有一部分患者本来并不需要如此频繁的肠镜检查。

针对这一问题,来自美国耶鲁大学医学院的Clark教授等在AJG杂志发表了一篇系统评价与meta分析。研究纳入标准为:研究腺瘤/息肉检出率与肠道准备质量的关系。肠道准备质量的分级采用Aronchick定义(极好/好/一般/较差/差)、三分法(高质量/中等质量/低质量)和二分法(充分/不充分)来评定。“极好”和“好”等同于“高质量”;“一般”等同于“中等质量”;“较差”和“差”等同于“低质量”。

该系统评价共纳入11个研究共55213次肠镜检查,经过分析后发现:高质量和中等质量的肠道准备所得到的腺瘤检出率显著高于低质量的肠道准备。肠道准备充分时所得到的腺瘤检出率和高级别腺瘤检出率也显著高于肠道准备不充分时。

由此作者得出结论,中等质量与高质量的肠道准备,在腺瘤检出率这个指标上并没有明显差异。低质量的肠道准备确实需要尽早复查肠镜,但是中等质量的肠道准备或可仍旧按照指南的标准复查间期,因为并不显著影响腺瘤检出率。

AJG杂志随后刊登了华盛顿大学医学院Liang教授等针对该研究的述评,围绕“中等程度的肠道准备足够吗?”这一主题展开探讨。

Liang教授首先肯定了Clark教授文章的临床意义,确实能够降低许多患者的医疗护理花费。但Liang教授认为,把腺瘤检出率作为肠镜的评价指标有一定局限性,而且纳入的这些研究在肠道准备的质量分级上也有偏倚。

腺瘤检出率(ADR)是指在肠镜检查时发现不止一个腺瘤的患者比例。在2002年时,美国多学会工作小组(MSTF)将其作为内镜完成质量的指标之一,因为ADR与大肠间期癌风险和癌死亡率显著相关。

虽然检出腺瘤是评价内镜医师技术完成度的一个重要指标,但它会被低质量的肠道准备所影响。因此当肠道准备不理想时,内镜医师需要决定隔多久时间再做下一次肠镜复查。

MSTF在2012年时建议,肠道准备不佳的患者在1年内肠镜复查;肠道准备质量为中等,但是肠镜能检出5mm以上病损,且发现了<10mm的管状腺瘤时,建议复查间隔为5年。

但是指南该处仍有些含糊不清,比如:当肠道准备质量为中等,但是无法检出5mm以上病损或未发现<10mm的腺瘤时,该怎么办?毋庸置疑,保守的内镜医师们肯定希望复查间隔更短一些。

Liang教授指出,ADR并不能很好地反映结肠镜检查的质量。即使两组人群的肠镜检查有相同的ADR,“完全腺瘤检出率”这一指标却有可能完全不同。因为有些内镜医师仅仅追求足够的ADR,而不去仔细检查所有肠段,不去处理所有的腺瘤。

每一个腺瘤都有转化为癌的可能性,一个优秀的内镜医师应该追求“完全腺瘤检出率”。因此,中等质量的肠道准备得到的“完全腺瘤检出率”可能是低于高质量肠道准备的。甚至Aronchick定义下极好和好的肠道准备之间都可能有差别。

Clark教授的文章纳入的研究中全都没有提供无蒂锯齿状腺瘤(SSA)的检出率。SSA目前已证实是一部分结直肠癌(由CpG岛甲基化通路产生)的前身。SSA与间期癌相关,并且常常是扁平的,在肠道准备不理想时容易漏诊。另外,SSA常常累及右半结肠,后者正是肠道清洁难以达到理想的区域。

到底什么程度的肠道准备才算“一般程度”呢?这仍旧很模糊。当前临床上有几种肠道准备的评分,Aronchick评分、Ottawa评分、Boston评分。该系统评价纳入的研究中一个运用Boston评分,三个研究运用Aronchick评分,其余的七个研究运用的评分在临床上并未验证有效。

不同的评分方法会给该系统评价带来一定偏倚,从而掩盖真实的组间差异。值得注意的是,中等级别的描述(如“一般”这种词),常常比极值更容易带来偏倚,因为观察者很难界定何种程度才算中等。Larsen等人曾研究发现,对于同一组肠道准备的影像资料,不同的内镜医师建议的复查间隔时间会差异很大。

我们临床上评价肠道准备质量的目的在于让内镜医师能够在清晰的视野下进行操作,所以评分时机应该在肠镜检查冲洗后。但是Clark教授并不能保证他所有纳入的研究都是在同一时间点评分。

因此,很有可能中等质量的准备在操作中转化为高质量,导致ADR无差异。以上这些注意点全都提醒我们,肠道准备质量评分的标准化刻不容缓。

最后,Liang教授总结说,没有一种筛查工具是完美的,尽管我们竭尽全力去发现和处理息肉,但间期癌还是会发生。过早的内镜复查也确实带来一些不良的后果,比如给患者带来不适、不便以及并发症。

为了更好的解决这些问题,首先内镜医师应该熟悉和掌握可靠的肠道准备评分方法,并在肠镜检查冲洗后运用。其次,还需更进一步的研究来定义到底怎样的肠道准备才算充分,才适用于指南推荐的标准复查间期。最后也是最重要的,临床上如此大比例的低质量或中等质量的肠道准备正提示我们需要一种规范且有效的操作方案来清洗肠道,如拆分剂量方案等。

综上所述,找到一种确保所有患者肠道准备高质量完成的方法,定将减少间期癌的发生,也将减少过早的肠镜复查。

原始出处

Clark BT1, Rustagi T1, Laine L2.What Level of Bowel Prep Quality Requires Early Repeat Colonoscopy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Preparation Quality on Adenoma Detection Rate.Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov;

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    2015-11-22 许安
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    2014-12-10 zhouqu_8
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2063906, encodeId=5b7e20639069d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=94ffe853a7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Gastroenterol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7853, encryptionId=94ffe853a7, topicName=Gastroenterol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=0bed488, createdName=jktdtl, createdTime=Sat Oct 24 00:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-10-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2071558, encodeId=a06f20e15585a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d4ee84647' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#GAS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7846, encryptionId=9d4ee84647, topicName=GAS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e2dd327, createdName=许安, createdTime=Sun Nov 22 07:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-11-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1710762, encodeId=e0981e107625c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9a1c289680' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AST#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2896, encryptionId=9a1c289680, topicName=AST)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=8b9831894722, createdName=ms24272190615788285182, createdTime=Fri Apr 17 19:26:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1434414, encodeId=351a1434414ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95de81e4889' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81748, encryptionId=95de81e4889, topicName=肠镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Wed Dec 10 01:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1550996, encodeId=1923155099675, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9e148165ed6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道准备#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81657, encryptionId=9e148165ed6, topicName=肠道准备)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b0f814152129, createdName=wjcjjian, createdTime=Wed Dec 10 01:26:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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