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大病保险报销比例提高至60% 提高保障成为趋势

2019-03-06 佚名 村夫日记

2019年3月5日,第十三届全国人大二次会议的政府工作报告中提到“继续提高城乡居民基本医保和大病保险保障水平,居民医保人均财政补助标准增加30元,一半用于大病保险。降低并统一大病保险起付线,报销比例由50%提高到60%,进一步减轻大病患者、困难群众医疗负担。”这是在推出大病医保后首次明确提高报销比例并降低和统一大病保险的起付线。

2019年3月5日,第十三届全国人大二次会议的政府工作报告中提到“继续提高城乡居民基本医保和大病保险保障水平,居民医保人均财政补助标准增加30元,一半用于大病保险。降低并统一大病保险起付线,报销比例由50%提高到60%,进一步减轻大病患者、困难群众医疗负担。”这是在推出大病医保后首次明确提高报销比例并降低和统一大病保险的起付线。

近年来,作为主要支付方的医保覆盖面重心明显偏向住院、严重慢性病和大病,因为在这些方面的原有保障较弱,大病患者有因病致贫的风险。支付方在这些方面提高报销比例将成为长远的趋势。从此次政府工作报告来看,城乡居民基本医保提高保障有几个明显的特征。

首先,支付的资金从哪里来?从过去几年的支持来看,加大财政补助将是主要的方式,目前财政补助占城乡居民基本医保缴费的比例已经达到74%以上。2019年的政府工作报告也明确了加大对城乡居民基本医保财政补助,这是继2018年人均财政补助标准增加40元后再次提高30元,城乡居民医保财政补助将由每人每年490元提高到520元。如果没有政府的持续投入,这种筹资模式很难支持老龄化社会的医疗支出。

第二,各地统筹医保资金的能力差异很大,如何缩小各地筹资和保障的差异。目前大病保险的资金筹措办法是从城乡居民医保基金中拨出一部分,不再额外个人缴费。每个省的筹措方式还不一样,有的是分到地级县级的,每个地区经济条件不同,人口结构不一样,这导致有的地方资金相对充足,有的地方则很紧张,各地操作上的难度差异性非常大。加大财政补助是一个方面,未来提高统筹层次可能也是不可避免的主要方法。合并的好处还在于统一管理,有助于支付方强势的发展需求。

除了资金统筹,还有就是资金分拨用于大病保险的比例到底怎样才最合适。目前大病保险的资金和居民基本医保的资金处于同一个资金池,而长期看这个资金池面临入不敷出的风险,划拨到大病保险的比例非常关键。比例过低可能导致保障不足,比例高了又浪费。影响这个比例的因素包括几方面,当地的经济实力,人口结构导致的缴费情况和医疗支出情况,当地的医疗价格,大病患病率等,必须要综合考量才能得出合理的划拨比例。

第三,更深一层的问题则是如何控制医疗费用。支付方节流的核心手段是通过严格控制医院,砍掉药品价格的虚高成分,这将有助于支付方更有效率地运用资金池。自从国家医保局成立以来,通过4+7药品集中采购来挤压不合理用药开支,打击骗保和发展飞行检查制度都有助于严格控制医院。接下来的DRG试点和医疗服务价格调整都将更精细化的管理医疗服务,改变过去粗放的监管模式。

第四,从发展趋势来看,通过提高医保的保障增加住院和大病覆盖面不仅是中央也是地方政府未来的发展方向。此次降低并统一大病保险起付线和将大病保险报销比例从50%提高到60%是从国家层面提升保障的实际举措。而在过去五年,部分地方政府也开展了基于单个地区的医保补充措施,青岛、深圳作为城市展开了补充医保,河南针对困难人群的大病补充保险。从筹资角度,人口流入地区更有实力通过财政补贴和进一步筹资来建立补充医保资金池。从民生角度,未来可能会有多地建立针对困难人群的补充医保,这将成为经济收入较低人群的医疗保障安全网(Safety Net),缓解因病致穷的民生压力。

从政策发展的趋势来看,在高风险的住院、严重慢性病和大病领域增加补充保障将成为趋势。大病医保的广覆盖将成为必然。但是,大病治疗是一个长期而复杂的过程,按照目前的被动理赔模式,无论是医保还是商业保险公司都没有办法防控治疗中的风险,也很难就整个治疗方案的合理性进行评估从而进行合理有效的支付。对于医院的监管和影响力若加上在医保资金紧张,会让大病医保的长期风险变得更高。不过,随着国家医保局逐渐加大对服务方的监管,支付方逐渐强势将改变这一局面,也有利于资金更合理的使用。

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    2019-03-08 feifers
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    2019-03-06 天地飞扬

    了解,谢谢分享!

    0

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