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采用mNGS法诊断布氏杆菌性脊柱炎1例

2019-03-14 曾敬 赵洪普 尹德龙 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

布氏杆菌病是一种临床较少见的人畜共患疾病,由布氏杆菌属引起,常侵犯肌肉和脊柱,形成布氏杆菌性脊柱炎。布氏杆菌性脊柱炎临床症状表现不一,影像学表现缺乏特异性,临床诊断困难,误诊率高。笔者于2018-05采用基于宏基因组学的二代测序技术(mNGS)诊断布氏杆菌性脊柱炎1例,报道如下。

布氏杆菌病是一种临床较少见的人畜共患疾病,由布氏杆菌属引起,常侵犯肌肉和脊柱,形成布氏杆菌性脊柱炎。布氏杆菌性脊柱炎临床症状表现不一,影像学表现缺乏特异性,临床诊断困难,误诊率高。笔者于2018-05采用基于宏基因组学的二代测序技术(mNGS)诊断布氏杆菌性脊柱炎1例,报道如下。

病例报道

患者,男,71岁,主诉下腰痛伴腰椎活动受限6个月,反复就诊治疗,效果不佳。腰椎X线片显示L4椎体下终板骨质破坏,L4、5椎间隙无明显变化。腰椎CT显示L4、5椎体骨质破坏,L4、5椎间盘内异常密度影,椎间盘内异常密度影,椎旁、椎管内软组织密度影。腰椎MRI显示L4、5椎体及双侧椎弓骨质改变,L5椎体后缘软组织肿块,L4、5椎间盘膨出并轻度向后突出,腰椎棘突间及腰后部肌群异常信号。入院时白细胞9.61×109/L,中性粒细胞绝对值8.12×109/L,超敏C反应蛋白111.90mg/L,红细胞沉降率105mm/H,降钙素原0.20ng/ml,肿瘤坏死因子24.80pg/ml,其他检验结果(HLA-B27、癌相关蛋白、结核T斑点、结核抗体、血培养)未见异常。L4椎体穿刺活体组织病理检查:骨髓增生较活跃,部分骨质坏死,骨小梁间纤维组织增生伴急慢性炎细胞浸润。穿刺液培养192h,结果为阴性。考虑腰椎感染性病变,经验性抗感染治疗后超敏C反应蛋白、降钙素原下降,但患者症状无明显改善。再次穿刺L4、5椎间盘,送病灶组织液进行检测,感染病原高通量基因检测(华大基因,mNGS法)结果显示布鲁菌属核酸序列数为1158copies/μL,初步诊断为布氏杆菌性脊柱炎。行腰椎后路L4、5椎管减压、椎间盘病灶清除、椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术,术后联合多西环素、利福平抗感染治疗。术后布氏杆菌试管凝集试验确诊为布氏菌性脊柱炎。术后随访1个月,患者腰部疼痛缓解,腰椎活动受限减轻。

讨论

布氏杆菌病是一种人畜共患性传染病,主要的传染源是羊、牛及猪,可经皮肤黏膜、消化道、呼吸道传播至人体,其发病隐匿,分急性、亚急性和慢性病程,病程长,平均病程约21周。布氏杆菌病可侵犯全身各个器官、组织,引起的临床表现不一。当布氏杆菌病侵犯脊柱时,引起椎体骨质破坏、周围组织病变及出现神经症状,称为布氏杆菌性脊柱炎。布氏杆菌性脊柱炎虽有较为明显的影像学特征,如椎体多发性骨质破坏、病灶周围骨质增生、椎旁或椎管内脓肿,但是缺乏特异性,早期诊断困难。目前布氏杆菌病的诊断主要结合临床表现、初筛试验、血清学检查和分离细菌,临床表现及初筛试验可以帮助发现疑似病例,血清学检查是诊断布氏杆菌病的基础性检查,可以用以鉴别多数椎间盘炎性疾病。细菌培养是诊断布氏杆菌病的金标准,由于菌血症是间歇性的,细菌培养不一定均能获取阳性结果。另外,经验性广谱抗生素使用也会导致血培养的阳性率降低。以往文献报道显示,在不同培养时间获得阳性结果的概率是41%~56%。尽管培养技术及分子生物技术日益发展,在临床上仍有许多患者因未能诊断明确而延缓治疗。

笔者采用mNGS法辅助早期诊断布氏杆菌病,提高该病的检出率,达到早诊断、早治疗、早痊愈的临床目的。mNGS法是指对样本中微生物核酸序列进行分析,通过与数据库中已有微生物的核酸序列进行比对,从而对微生物进行鉴定。随着这项技术的发展,mNGS法正逐步从科研转向临床,引起了越来越多临床工作者的关注。Thoendel等报道了1例采用mNGS法诊治的人工膝关节感染,该病例在临床培养和PCR检测均为阴性情况下,采用mNGS技术检出致病菌唾液支原体,指导临床靶向用药。Thoendel等针对mNGS技术设计了一项临床大样本的对照研究,收集了408份关节置换手术失败患者的关节假体超声清洗液样本,根据人工骨关节感染诊断标准分为感染因素和非感染因素两大类,同时用传统培养与mNGS法检测样本中的病原体,结果显示感染样本(213例)中传统培养方式培养阳性115例、培养阴性98例,mNGS法培养阳性109例、阴性43例,非感染样本(195例)中mNGS法检测出潜在致病菌7例。Street等的研究也得出了相似的结论,与传统培养方法比较,mNGS法敏感性和特异性较高。

与传统培养方式相比,mNGS法具有以下优点:①检出病原菌速度快;②感染通量高;③起始样本量低;④对文库片段或扩增子“无偏倚”测序;⑤样本清洁性要求低;⑥无微生物种类限制。mNGS法检测整体阳性率更高,尤其是针对培养阴性的样本。布氏杆菌性脊柱炎患者临床表现特异性低,影像学检查虽然可以早期提示该病的可能,但是难于同其他疾病鉴别。患者就诊时往往处于亚急性或慢性期,血培养阳性率低。mNGS技术为布氏杆菌性脊柱炎的诊断提供了一种新的思路,可以取患者血液、脑脊液、病灶渗出液等进行检测,早期明确诊断,选择有效的治疗方案,减轻患者的痛苦。

原始出处;

曾敬,赵洪普,尹德龙,郑兆宽,吕玉明,秦础强.采用mNGS法诊断布氏杆菌性脊柱炎1例[J].中国骨与关节损伤杂志,2019,34(01):103-104.

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