Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the most toxic known protein and the causative agent of human botulism. BoNTs hav......
VVA2 (volvatoxin A chain 2) is a cardiotoxic protein purified from Volvariella volvacea. Its biological activities include hemolysis, writhing reactio......
Mycotoxins pose significant risks to humans and livestock. In addition, contaminated food- and feedstuffs can only be discarded, leading to increased ......
Gossypol is a polyphenolic toxic secondary metabolite derived from cotton. Free gossypol in cotton meal is remarkably harmful to animals. Furthermore,......
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), the toxin protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, can cause staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks and serious......
Oxytropis plants are widely distributed in the grasslands in northern China. Some Oxytropis species have been reported to contain the mycotoxin swains......
Sea snake venom is extremely toxic, and it can induce severe respiratory failure and cause high mortality. The most effective first aid treatment for ......
Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) is a destructive pest of corn and major target of transgenic corn expressing Bt (Bacillus thuring......
The silkworm's Cat L-like gene, which encodes a lysosomal cathepsin L-like cysteine protease, is thought to be part of the insect's innate immunity vi......
Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 secreted the insecticidal protein toxin complex (Tc). The chi60 and chi70 chitinase genes are located on the gene cluste......
Biological control through the application of competitive non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) to the soil during peanut growth is a pract......
Furanocoumarins, the secondary metabolites of plants, are considered to be natural insecticides and fungicides because they prevent the invasion of pl......
The cyanobacterial blooms produced by eutrophic water bodies have become a serious environmental issue around the world. After cellular lysing or alga......
Because of their trace existence, exquisite structure and unique role, highly toxic marine biotoxins have always led to the development of natural pro......
Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are widely planted for insect control, but their efficacy may decrease as insects evolve......
